Overcoming Barriers in Cell-Based Cancer Therapy

(Posted on Thursday, January 29, 2026)

One of the most dramatic improvements in cancer therapy over the past several years has been the adoption of cell-based therapies. Many of these involve CAR T therapies—treatments in which immune system cells are modified to attack cancer cells. To date, the great majority of these therapies have used the patient’s own immune cells: the cells are extracted, modified, expanded and then reinfused.

The good news is that some of these therapies have had remarkable results. Nonetheless, there are significant barriers to their widespread adoption. These include variability in patients’ cells, the time required for extraction, modification, expansion, reinfusion and patient preparation. This results in substantial delays between diagnosis and effective treatment, as well as extremely high costs that can run into several hundred thousand dollars per patient.

A major effort to overcome these difficulties is the development of universal donors: modified immune cells, particularly T cells, that can be used for almost all patients. These so‑called allogeneic cells—from “allo,” meaning “other”—offer the prospect of off‑the‑shelf cell therapies that could be delivered more quickly and at lower overall cost. As described in CAR T: A New Cure for Cancer, Autoimmune and Inherited Disease, universal CAR-T cell therapy could transform cancer treatment by making it faster, more affordable and accessible to many more patients.

A recent report provides one of the first clear indications that such allogeneic therapies may be possible in practice, and marks an important next step in overcoming the barriers to cell‑based cancer therapy.

What Is CAR-T Therapy

CAR-T therapy is a form of cell-based immunotherapy. It uses genetically modified immune cells to seek out and destroy cancer cells. Traditionally, the treatments rely on a patient’s own cells, which are collected, modified in the lab to target cancer, and then infused back into the patient. Making a unique treatment for each patient creates manufacturing challenges, high costs, and long wait times.

Many patients cannot wait or do not have healthy enough cells for this approach. Also, strong immunosuppressants are required before treatment, which increases the risk, cost and side effects. This step also increases the likelihood of infection and hospitalization. These challenges have led to the search for alternative approaches.

Two main strategies address these barriers. One approach uses gene therapy to deliver cancer-targeting instructions directly to a patient’s immune cells, potentially enabling treatment with a single injection, though further work is needed to improve safety and targeting. The other develops universal cell therapies from healthy donors. These donor cells are modified and stored in large quantities, enabling faster, more affordable care for many patients. The primary challenge is preventing donor cells from attacking the patient or being eliminated by the patient’s immune system.

Universal Cell Therapies Mean More Accessible Cancer Treatments

A study published in The New England Journal of Medicine evaluates a universal approach. The process involves gene-editing immune cells from a healthy donor to make them compatible with any patient. In the study, healthy donor T cells were gene‑edited to prevent them from attacking each other, reduce recognition by the patient’s immune system and confer resistance to specific drugs. Then they were expanded, frozen and banked as an off‑the‑shelf product that can be given to multiple patients.

In the study, 11 patients were treated with cells from a single donor cell bank. The results demonstrated that universal cell therapy can be delivered rapidly and at scale. All in the study achieved remission by day 28, and 9 reached deep remission. This enabled them to proceed to a stem‑cell transplant. Unfortunately, 2 with residual disease ultimately received palliative care.

Most patients experienced expected toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome, fever, rashes, prolonged low blood counts and opportunistic infections, particularly around the time of transplant. Early follow‑up suggests that a substantial proportion of patients remain disease‑free after transplant. Still, some relapsed or died. This underscores that this is still an intensive, high‑risk approach.

Overall, these findings show that universal gene‑edited T‑cell therapy can be delivered rapidly and at scale. This represents a practical advance toward broader access. Ongoing work is focused on improving durability and reducing the need for intensive conditioning.

Ready-to-Use Cell Therapy Next Steps

Ready-to-use cell therapy now represents a practical option. A single universal donor cell bank can accelerate treatment, lower costs and improve access. Next steps include improving safety, evaluating effectiveness without immune-suppressing medicines and determining whether universal cell therapy can cure patients without subsequent transplantation. The transition from individualized to universal cell therapies is underway.